The effect of camel blood peptides on mitochondrial energy metabolism and muscle tissue free radical metabolism in exercise trained rats
At present, some peptide molecules with strong biological activity are constantly being discovered and identified both domestically and internationally, such as brain peptides that are closely related to the body’s learning and memory, and myopeptides that are related to antioxidant activity. Camels are special and precious animals in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and other regions of China. The harsh living environment not only makes the albumin in camel blood significantly higher than other mammals, but also contains very high physiological activity. The content of albumin in the total serum protein of Bactrian camels is 73.2%, significantly higher than other similar animals such as cows, horses, and sheep. The camel blood peptides prepared from camel blood using protease hydrolysis technology have an amino acid content of 88.25%, including essential amino acids of 44.82%, non essential amino acids of 43.43%, branched chain amino acids of 19.15%, essential amino acids/total amino acids of 50.79%, essential amino acids/non essential amino acids of 103.20%, branched chain amino acids/essential amino acids of 42.72%, and branched chain amino acids/total amino acids of 21.7%, far exceeding the recommended standards for high-quality proteins by WHO/FAO/UNU. 44.82% of the essential amino acids in camel blood peptides are higher than those in fish skin oligopeptides (24.43%) and deer blood oligopeptides (36.87%). Camel blood peptides can not only be developed and utilized as bioactive peptides, but also have the prospect of being used as sports nutrition supplements. In addition, the mechanisms of exercise and nutritional health effects can be mediated through mitochondrial structure, function, and metabolic regulation. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of camel blood peptides on the tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiratory chain function, and free radical metabolism of rat skeletal muscle mitochondria through supplementing camel blood peptides and composite exercise training, providing reference for the application of camel blood peptides as bioactive peptides in sports nutrition supplements.

The effects of camel blood peptides and exercise training on the body weight of rats. Previous studies have shown that taking soy peptides can promote weight and lean body mass gain in middle and long-distance runners. The results of this study showed that after 6 weeks, the body weight of rats in each group was lower than that of the control group, with significant differences observed in the TE group. The weight order of each group of rats from low to high is: TE group<PE group<P group<E group<T group<C group, indicating that all intervention methods have a tendency to control weight. The combination of supplements and exercise training is more effective than simple supplements and exercise training, and there is a synergistic effect between supplements and exercise training in weight control. Taurine combined exercise training has the best effect, followed by camel blood peptide combined exercise training. The research results of combining exercise training with other amino acids and peptides for weight control are inconsistent, which may be related to the types of amino acids, exercise levels, and exercise loads.
The effect of camel blood peptides and exercise training on exhaustion exercise time in rats. The time it takes for rats to run on a treadmill to exhaustion is the most commonly used objective indicator of their athletic ability. The results of this study showed that 6-week supplementation of taurine and camel blood peptide by gavage had a trend of prolonging the exhaustion exercise time of rats, which is similar to the research results that showed that tilapia scale collagen peptide and pig blood peptide can significantly prolong the weight-bearing or exhaustion swimming time of mice, suggesting that camel blood peptide supplementation may have an effect on delaying exercise-induced fatigue. Although camel blood peptides or taurine supplementation combined with aerobic exercise has a tendency to prolong exhaustion exercise time, the effect is not significant. This may be due to the fact that treadmill exhaustion exercise is different from swimming exercise research. Camel blood peptides promote muscle tissue protein synthesis. Although the body weight of rats does not increase significantly, lean body weight may increase. Running exercise has excessive lower limb load, and it is necessary to evaluate the anti fatigue effect of camel blood peptides in conjunction with swimming exercise training.

The effects of camel blood peptides and exercise training on blood indicators in rats. Previous studies have shown that supplementing soy peptides has no significant effect on the hemoglobin content of athletes. The results of this study are similar, with no significant difference in hemoglobin content between the groups. The order of hemoglobin content from high to low in each group is: E group>TE group>PE group>P group>C group>T group. From this, it can be seen that simple exercise training, taurine combined exercise training, camel blood peptide combined exercise training, and simple supplementation of camel blood peptide all have a trend of increasing hemoglobin content. Among them, simple exercise training has the best effect, and simple supplementation of taurine has a trend of reducing hemoglobin. In this study, none of the intervention methods significantly affected hemoglobin levels, which may be related to factors such as exercise training programs and the main component of hemoglobin – ferrous ions. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in blood ammonia content among the groups. The order of blood ammonia content from low to high in each group was: T group<TE group<P group<C group<E group<PE group. This suggests that taurine combined with exercise training, taurine supplementation alone, and camel blood peptide supplementation alone have a trend of reducing blood ammonia, while exercise training and camel blood peptide combined exercise training have a trend of increasing blood ammonia. However, each intervention method has no significant effect on the blood ammonia content of rats in a quiet state, indicating that none of the intervention methods will have a significant impact on amino acid metabolism in the body, and the production and elimination of ammonia in the body still maintain a dynamic balance. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in blood urea nitrogen content among the groups. The order of blood urea nitrogen content from low to high in each group was: TE group<P group<T group<E group<PE group<C group, indicating that various intervention methods led to a decreasing trend in blood urea nitrogen in rats, but did not significantly affect protein metabolism in the body. Similar studies have shown that supplementing with soy peptides can slightly reduce the blood urea nitrogen of athletes, but not significantly. Another study has shown that supplementing oyster peptides can alleviate the increase of BUN in rats with exhausted swimming. Exercise training, camel blood peptide, taurine, camel blood peptide combined exercise training, and taurine combined exercise training do not significantly increase the body’s protein breakdown process. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in serum lactate levels among the groups. The order of serum lactate levels from low to high was: TE group<T group<C group<P group<E group<PE group. Previous studies have shown that supplementing oyster peptides can alleviate the elevation of BLA in rats with exhausted swimming. Reminder: Taurine combined with exercise training and simple supplementation of taurine have a trend of reducing serum lactate, while exercise training, simple supplementation of camel blood peptides, and camel blood peptide combined with exercise training have a trend of increasing serum lactate. However, each intervention method has no significant effect on the serum lactate content in rats at rest and does not significantly affect the anaerobic metabolism of glucose in the body. The above research results indicate that camel blood peptides, taurine, exercise training, camel blood peptide combined exercise training, and taurine combined exercise training have no significant effects on the metabolism of amino acids, protein synthesis and breakdown, and anaerobic metabolism of sugars in the body at rest.

The effects of camel blood peptides and exercise training on the tricarboxylic acid cycle function of rat gastrocnemius muscle mitochondria. Previous studies have shown that exercise training improves the body’s physical ability and health level by inducing skeletal muscle adaptation. During this process, mitochondria have significant plasticity and respond to a series of signal stimuli triggered by skeletal muscle contraction to adapt to the metabolic needs of skeletal muscle. Endurance training can significantly improve the muscle CS activity of track and field athletes. Continuous moderate intensity training with 65% VO2max for 13 weeks significantly improved the CS activity of the gracilis muscle. There are also studies showing that peptide preparations can be quickly absorbed by the body, and the absorption effect is better than that of proteins, accelerating the utilization rate of glucose, amino acids, and proteins. The results of this study indicate that exercise training, taurine, camel blood peptide combined exercise training, and taurine combined exercise training can all improve the mitochondrial CS activity of rat gastrocnemius muscle. Among them, camel blood peptide combined exercise training and taurine combined exercise training significantly improve, while supplementing camel blood peptide alone reduces the CS activity of rat gastrocnemius muscle, but there is no significant difference. The order of CS activity from high to low in each group is: PE group>TE group>E group>T group>C group>P group. This indicates that the combination of supplements and exercise training has a better effect on improving the activity of the key enzyme CS in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and camel blood peptides are better than taurine. This may be related to the amino acids and branched chain amino acid carbon skeletons rich in camel blood peptides being absorbed by the body as energy substrates, thereby increasing the activity of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, increasing muscle productivity, and meeting the body’s energy needs during exercise. The results of this study also showed that camel blood peptide combined with exercise training was significantly higher than simply supplementing camel blood peptide in improving CS activity. This suggests that it is necessary to combine exercise training with relevant supplements to better improve the tricarboxylic acid circulation rate. The effect of camel blood peptides and exercise training on antioxidant enzyme activity in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Previous studies have shown that long-term aerobic exercise is beneficial for improving skeletal muscle alpha KGDHC activity and aerobic working ability. The results of this study showed that the activity of α – KGDHC increased in all groups, with only taurine combined exercise training showing significant and optimal effects, followed by camel blood peptide combined exercise training. The order of α – KGDHC activity from high to low in each group is: TE group>PE group>E group>T group>P group>C group. Reminder: It is necessary to combine exercise training with relevant supplements to better improve the tricarboxylic acid cycle rate. In addition, there are differences in the degree to which camel blood peptides and taurine affect the activity of key enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

The effects of camel blood peptides and exercise training on the mitochondrial respiratory chain function of rat gastrocnemius muscle. Previous studies have shown that high-intensity endurance exercise can significantly increase the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain C Ⅰ in rat skeletal muscle. Supplementing with oyster peptides alleviates the decrease in the activity of skeletal muscle respiratory chain complex C Ⅰ – Ⅳ in rats with exhausted swimming. Supplementing with branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) can reduce the decrease in K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+content in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria after swimming exercise, improve mitochondrial function after exercise, and enhance rat exercise ability. The results of this study showed that the activity of C Ⅰ in all groups increased, with significant differences observed between camel blood peptide combined exercise training and simple exercise training. The order of C Ⅰ activity in each group from high to low was: PE group>E group>TE group>T group>P group>C group, indicating that camel blood peptide combined exercise training had the best effect in improving the C Ⅰ activity of the gastrocnemius muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain in rats. This may be related to the fact that camel blood peptides are rich in BCAAs, which increase the tricarboxylic acid cycle rate to meet the energy requirements of the body’s movement, leading to an increase in the respiratory chain substrate NADH and thus an increase in C Ⅰ activity. Our previous research found that combining carnitine with exercise training can significantly improve the C-IV activity of rat skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain. The results of this study showed that the C-IV activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain was significantly increased in all groups. The order of C-IV activity from high to low was PE group>TE group>T group>E group>P group>C group, indicating that all intervention methods can significantly improve the C-IV activity of the respiratory chain. Among them, camel blood peptide combined with exercise training had the best effect. Previous studies have shown that the mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplex (mitoSC), mito SCI1+III2+IV1-4, is the most abundant in mammalian mitochondria, and mitoSC is specific in muscle tissue, with almost all C Ⅰ present in mitoSC. Exercise can promote the increase of mito SCI1+III2+IV1-4 content and activity. The combination of camel blood peptides and exercise training increased the activity of C Ⅰ, and due to the presence of the skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplex, the activity of C Ⅳ was also enhanced. The increase in activity of C Ⅰ and C Ⅳ may also be related to the increased assembly of mito SCI1+III2+IV1-4. The results of this study showed that the activity of C-V increased in all groups except for the group supplemented with camel blood peptide, which was not significantly different from the quiet group (no significant difference). Among them, taurine combined exercise training had a significant difference, and taurine combined exercise training was significantly higher than camel blood peptide combined exercise training and pure exercise training. Camel blood peptide combined exercise training was significantly higher than pure supplementation of camel blood peptide, and pure supplementation of taurine was significantly higher than pure supplementation of camel blood peptide. The order of C-V activity from high to low in each group is: TE group>PE group>T group>E group>C group>P group, indicating that the combination of supplementation and exercise training is better than simple supplementation and exercise training in improving respiratory chain C-V, and taurine combined exercise training has the best effect, followed by camel blood peptide combined exercise training. This may be related to the fact that the combination of supplements and exercise training enhances the activity of respiratory chain C Ⅰ and C Ⅳ. Under sufficient oxygen supply, C Ⅳ not only promotes downstream oxygen metabolism, but also increases mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby activating C Ⅴ activity. The above studies indicate that camel blood peptide combined exercise training and taurine combined exercise training have a good effect on improving the mitochondrial respiratory chain function of rat skeletal muscle. It is necessary to improve mitochondrial respiratory chain function through relevant supplements combined with exercise training.

The effect of camel blood peptides and exercise training on antioxidant enzyme activity in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Previous studies have shown that low-intensity aerobic exercise can enhance the body’s antioxidant capacity. Aerobic exercise can increase the activity of SOD and GSH Px in rat skeletal muscle. Supplementing with BCAA is beneficial for increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and reducing free radicals after exercise. The results of this study showed that the SOD activity in the gastrocnemius muscle increased in all groups, with significant differences observed in camel blood peptide combined with exercise training. The order of SOD activity from high to low in each group is: PE group>E group>P group>TE group>T group>C group, indicating that all intervention methods can improve the SOD activity of rat gastrocnemius muscle, among which camel blood peptide combined with exercise training has the best effect. Previous studies have shown that BCAA can inhibit lipid peroxidation in mice and eliminate excess free radicals generated. The results of this study showed that the GSH Px activity in the gastrocnemius muscle of all groups of rats increased. There were significant differences between camel blood peptide combined exercise training, taurine combined exercise training, and simple supplementation of taurine. Camel blood peptide combined exercise training was significantly higher than simple exercise training and simple supplementation of camel blood peptide, and simple supplementation of taurine was significantly higher than simple supplementation of camel blood peptide. The order of GSH Px activity in each group from high to low was: PE group>TE group>T group>E group>P group>C group, indicating that all intervention methods can improve the GSH Px activity in rat gastrocnemius muscle. The combination of supplementation and exercise training is better than simple supplementation and simple exercise training in improving skeletal muscle GSH Px activity, and camel blood peptide combined exercise training has the best effect. The sentence is:. Previous studies have shown that exercise training can increase CAT activity in young rats. The results of this study showed that, except for a slight decrease in CAT activity when supplemented with camel blood peptide alone (with no significant difference), all other groups showed an increase. Among them, camel blood peptide combined with exercise training showed a significant difference, and camel blood peptide combined exercise training and taurine supplementation alone were significantly higher than those supplemented with camel blood peptide alone. The order of CAT activity from high to low was: PE group>TE group>E group>T group>C group>P group. Explanation: The combination of supplements and exercise training is better than pure exercise training and supplements in improving skeletal muscle CAT activity, with camel blood peptide combined exercise training showing the best effect. The above research indicates that camel blood peptide combined with exercise training has the best effect in improving the antioxidant capacity of rat skeletal muscle. The mechanism may be related to the abundance of BCAA in camel blood peptides, as previous studies have suggested that BCAA regulates protein synthesis through certain pathways, increasing the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD in the body to eliminate free radicals generated during exercise.

The effects of camel blood peptides and exercise training on oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation end products. Previous studies have shown that the generation rate of gastrocnemius muscle · OH in 6-week moderate intensity exercise rats is significantly lower than that in quiet control rats. It is known that soy peptides have strong antioxidant capacity and can be used as nutritional supplements to alleviate exercise-induced fatigue. The results of this study also showed that all intervention methods could reduce the ROS fluorescence intensity in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Except for no significant difference in pure exercise training, there were significant differences in pure supplementation of camel blood peptides and taurine, supplementation of camel blood peptides combined with exercise training, and supplementation of taurine combined with exercise training. Supplement combined exercise training was significantly lower than pure exercise training, while supplementation of camel blood peptides combined with exercise training and pure supplementation of taurine were significantly lower than pure supplementation of camel blood peptides, and supplementation of taurine combined with exercise training was significantly higher than pure supplementation of taurine and camel blood peptides combined with exercise training. The order of ROS fluorescence intensity from low to high in the gastrocnemius muscle of each group of rats is: PE group<T group<TE group<P group<E group<C group, indicating that camel blood peptide combined with exercise training has the best effect in reducing ROS in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Previous studies have shown that aerobic exercise can reduce MDA levels in the body or tissues, and taurine has anti fatigue effects and can also lower MDA levels in the body. Taking branched chain amino acids, taurine, and compound amino acids can effectively reduce the MDA content in skeletal muscle. The results of this study showed that all intervention methods could reduce the MDA content in rat gastrocnemius muscle. Among them, supplementing camel blood peptides combined with exercise training, supplementing camel blood peptides and taurine alone had significant differences. The order of MDA content from low to high in each group was: PE group<T group<P group<TE group<E group<C group. In terms of reducing the MDA content in rat gastrocnemius muscle, camel blood peptide combined with exercise training has the best effect. The mechanism may be related to the results of this study, which showed that camel blood peptide combined with exercise training enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activity of gastrocnemius muscle. The above studies indicate that camel blood peptide combined exercise training has the best effect in reducing the production of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation in rat gastrocnemius muscle.

The combination of camel blood peptides and exercise training can improve the tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain function of skeletal muscle mitochondria, enhance the antioxidant capacity of skeletal muscle, reduce the production of free radicals and lipid peroxidation damage, and the effect is better than simply supplementing camel blood peptides or simple exercise training.