Ni\u015fasta, glikoza ba\u011fl\u0131 uzun bir molek\u00fcl zinciridir, ni\u015fastan\u0131n genel form\u00fcl\u00fc (C6H10O5)n'dir, maltoz i\u00e7in disakkarit a\u015famas\u0131na hidrolize edilir ve glikoz elde etmek i\u00e7in tamamen hidrolize edilir.<\/p>\n
Ni\u015fasta, bitki g\u00f6vdesinde depolanan, bir\u00e7ok bitki tohumunda, k\u00f6k\u00fcnde, g\u00f6vdesinde ve di\u011fer dokular\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak bulunan bir besin maddesidir; bunlardan pirin\u00e7 62% -86% ni\u015fasta, bu\u011fday 57% -75% ni\u015fasta, m\u0131s\u0131r 65% -72% ni\u015fasta, patates 12% -14% ni\u015fasta i\u00e7erir. Patates 12%-14% ni\u015fasta i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
Ni\u015fastan\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Do\u011fal ni\u015fastalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fasta ve dall\u0131 zincirli ni\u015fastadan olu\u015fan iki polisakkarit t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n 1.1 D\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fasta<\/strong> Kristal halde, X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 haritalama analizi ile d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fastan\u0131n \u00e7ift sarmal yap\u0131n\u0131n her bir ilme\u011finde iplik ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fc\u00e7 \u015feker grubu ve tek sarmal yap\u0131n\u0131n her bir ilme\u011finde alt\u0131 \u015feker grubu i\u00e7erdi\u011fine inan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n D\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fasta zincirinde sadece bir indirgeyici u\u00e7 grup ve bir indirgeyici olmayan u\u00e7 grup vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6zeltide, d\u00fcz zincirli amilopektin sarmal bir yap\u0131, k\u0131smen k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sarmal bir yap\u0131 ve d\u00fczensiz k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yap\u0131 alabilir. D\u00fcz zincirli amilopektinin ba\u011f\u0131l molek\u00fcler k\u00fctlesi farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerle 32.000-160.000 veya daha fazla olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Ni\u015fastadaki d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fasta oran\u0131 molek\u00fcler boyut da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir ve ortalama polimerizasyon derecesi elde edilen ni\u015fastaya g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Patates ni\u015fastas\u0131 ve tapyoka ni\u015fastas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fastalar\u0131n\u0131n molek\u00fcler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fastalar\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcksektir.<\/p>\n 1.2 Dall\u0131 zincirli ni\u015fasta<\/strong> Dallanm\u0131\u015f ni\u015fastan\u0131n genel yap\u0131s\u0131 da d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fastadan farkl\u0131d\u0131r, dendritiktir, dallanm\u0131\u015f zincir uzun de\u011fildir ve ortalama 20-30 glikoz grubu i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n Dallanm\u0131\u015f ni\u015fasta, do\u011frusal d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fastan\u0131n k\u0131sa zincirlerinden olu\u015fan olduk\u00e7a dallanm\u0131\u015f bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. Dallanm\u0131\u015f ni\u015fasta molek\u00fcl\u00fc, 600-6000 glikoz kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n polimerizasyon derecesine e\u015fde\u011fer olan 100000-1000000 ba\u011f\u0131l molek\u00fcler k\u00fctleye sahip d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fastadan daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Sorgum ba\u015fa\u011f\u0131 gibi dall\u0131 zincirli ni\u015fasta molek\u00fcl \u015fekli, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck molek\u00fcller \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r, en az 50'den fazla oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir, her dal ortalama yakla\u015f\u0131k 20-30 glikoz kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7erir, her dal ayr\u0131ca D-glikozdan \u03b1-1,4 glikozidik ba\u011fa zincirdir, Bir sarmal \u015feklinde k\u0131vr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak molek\u00fcler ba\u011flant\u0131 \u03b1-1,6 glikozidik ba\u011fd\u0131r, \u03b1-1,6 glikozidik ba\u011fd\u0131r, ancak molek\u00fcler ba\u011flant\u0131 \u03b1 -1,6 glikozidik ba\u011fd\u0131r ve dallar aras\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluk 11-12 glikoz kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ni\u015fastan\u0131n \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n 2.1 Ni\u015fastan\u0131n fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong> 2.1.1 Ni\u015fastan\u0131n past\u00f6rizasyonu<\/strong> Ni\u015fastan\u0131n yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famaya ayr\u0131labilir: tersinir su emme a\u015famas\u0131; tersinmez su emme a\u015famas\u0131; ni\u015fasta gran\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7alanma a\u015famas\u0131.<\/p>\n Farkl\u0131 ni\u015fasta yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r, gran\u00fcllerin farkl\u0131 boyutu nedeniyle ayn\u0131 ni\u015fasta olsa bile, macun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tutarl\u0131 de\u011fildir, ni\u015fasta yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in macunun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndaki s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve macunun tamamlanma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n genel kullan\u0131m\u0131.<\/p>\n Bir\u00e7ok durumda ni\u015fasta \u015feker, protein, ya\u011f asitleri ve su ile bir arada bulunur. Ni\u015fasta macunu, ni\u015fasta \u00e7\u00f6zeltisinin viskozitesi ve ni\u015fasta ve jelin do\u011fas\u0131 sadece s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir arada bulunan di\u011fer kombinasyonlar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcne ve miktar\u0131na da ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n 2.1.2 Ni\u015fastan\u0131n ya\u015flanmas\u0131<\/strong> Ni\u015fasta ya\u015fland\u0131rman\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc, past\u00f6rize ni\u015fasta molek\u00fcllerinin otomatik olarak tekrar diziler halinde d\u00fczenlenerek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmeyen ni\u015fasta molek\u00fcllerinin kompakt, y\u00fcksek oranda kristalize misellerini olu\u015fturmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ya\u015flanmadan sonra ni\u015fasta<\/strong> suya olan afinitesini kaybeder ve amilaz taraf\u0131ndan hidrolize edilmesi zordur ve bu nedenle insan v\u00fccudu taraf\u0131ndan kolayca sindirilemez ve emilemez.<\/strong><\/p>\n Ni\u015fasta ya\u015flanmas\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc g\u0131da end\u00fcstrisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Ya\u015fland\u0131rma i\u015flemi, hamurla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ters i\u015flemi olarak kabul edilebilir, ancak ya\u015fland\u0131rma, ni\u015fastan\u0131n ham ni\u015fastan\u0131n yap\u0131sal durumuna tamamen geri d\u00f6nmesini sa\u011flayamaz ve ya\u015flanan ni\u015fasta, ham ni\u015fastadan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir kristalle\u015fme derecesine sahiptir.<\/p>\n Farkl\u0131 ni\u015fasta kaynaklar\u0131, ya\u015flanma ayn\u0131 zorluk derecesinde de\u011fildir, bunun nedeni ni\u015fastan\u0131n ya\u015flanmas\u0131 ve d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fasta ve dall\u0131 zincirli ni\u015fasta oran\u0131d\u0131r, genel olarak, d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fastan\u0131n ya\u015flanmas\u0131 dall\u0131 zincirli ni\u015fastadan daha kolayd\u0131r, daha fazla d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fasta, dall\u0131 zincirli ni\u015fastan\u0131n ya\u015flanmas\u0131 neredeyse de\u011fi\u015fmez.<\/p>\n Ya\u015flanma ve ni\u015fasta su i\u00e7eri\u011fi yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir, ni\u015fastan\u0131n 30% -60% su i\u00e7eri\u011finin ya\u015flanmas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r, 10%'den az veya \u00e7ok say\u0131da su ni\u015fastas\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015flanmas\u0131 kolay de\u011fildir; 2-4 \u00b0 C aras\u0131ndaki optimum s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ya\u015flanma etkisi, 60 \u00b0 C'den b\u00fcy\u00fck veya -20 \u00b0 C'den az ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez; asidik veya alkali ko\u015fullarda ni\u015fastan\u0131n ya\u015flanmas\u0131 kolay de\u011fildir Ni\u015fastan\u0131n asidik veya alkali ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ya\u015flanmas\u0131 kolay de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n 2.2 Ni\u015fastan\u0131n kimyasal \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong> Ni\u015fasta molek\u00fclleri \u00e7ok say\u0131da hidroksil grubuna sahiptir ve ni\u015fasta molek\u00fcllerindeki hidroksil gruplar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki reaksiyonlara girebilir:<\/p>\n 2.2.1 Esterle\u015fme reaksiyonu<\/strong> 2.2.2 Eterle\u015fme reaksiyonu<\/strong> 2.2.3 Di\u011fer reaksiyonlar<\/strong> 2.3 Ni\u015fastan\u0131n di\u011fer \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n 2.3.1 Gran\u00fcl \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n Ni\u015fastan\u0131n gran\u00fcler \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131nda kohezif durumda adsorpsiyon, kohezyon, higroskopiklik, yeniden \u0131slanabilirlik vb. yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n 2.3.2 Macun veya bulama\u00e7 \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong> 2.3.3 Film \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong> Starch is a long chain of molecules connected to glucose, the general formula of starch is (C6H10O5)n, hydrolyzed to the disaccharide stage for maltose, and completely hydrolyzed to get glucose. Starch is a nutrient stored in the plant body, widely present in many plant seeds, roots, stems and other tissues, of which rice contains 62% […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n
\nD\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fasta, zincir molek\u00fcllerine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u03b1-1,4 glikozidik ba\u011f arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla D-glikozdur, stereo konformasyondan do\u011frusal de\u011fildir, ancak molek\u00fcl i\u00e7indeki hidrojen ba\u011f\u0131 ile zincir k\u0131vr\u0131l\u0131r ve bir sol sarmal haline gelir.<\/p>\n
\nDall\u0131 ni\u015fasta, \u03b1-1,4 glikozidik ba\u011f ve \u03b1-1,6 glikozidik ba\u011f ile ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f D-glukopiranoz dallar\u0131na sahip karma\u015f\u0131k bir makromolek\u00fcld\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\nNi\u015fasta beyaz bir tozdur, genellikle organik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fclerde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmez, dimetil s\u00fclfoksit ve N,N'-dimetil formamitte \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr. Ni\u015fasta olduk\u00e7a higroskopiktir ve gran\u00fclleri ge\u00e7irgendir.
\nSaf dall\u0131 zincirli ni\u015fasta so\u011fuk suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrken, d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fasta so\u011fuk suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmez ve do\u011fal ni\u015fasta da so\u011fuk suda tamamen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmez.<\/strong><\/p>\n
\nNi\u015fasta oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmez, ancak suyun s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 53\u00b0C'nin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri belirgin bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fir. Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131kta d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir macun \u00e7\u00f6zeltisi olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in bu ni\u015fasta gibi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnme \u00f6zelli\u011fi ni\u015fastan\u0131n dekstrinizasyonu olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
\nYap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u03b1-ni\u015fasta oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya alt\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda opakla\u015f\u0131r ve hatta p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015farak \u00e7\u00f6kelti haline gelir, ya\u015flanma olarak bilinen bir olgu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
\nNi\u015fasta, \u0131s\u0131, oksitleyici madde, asit, alkali, enzim ve benzerlerinin etkisi alt\u0131nda ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve amiloz dekstrin, oksitlenmi\u015f ni\u015fasta, asitle muamele edilmi\u015f ni\u015fasta, maltoz, glikoz ve benzeri gibi bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcrde ayr\u0131\u015fma \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc elde edilir.<\/p>\n
\nNi\u015fastan\u0131n esterle\u015fme reaksiyonu s\u00fclfat esteri, fosfat esteri, asetat esteri, ni\u015fasta ksantat esteri ve benzerlerini \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\nNi\u015fastan\u0131n eterifikasyon reaksiyonu karboksimetil ni\u015fasta, hidroksietil ni\u015fasta, hidroksipropil ni\u015fasta, ni\u015fasta akril eter ve benzerlerini \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\nNi\u015fasta, \u00e7ok i\u015flevli bile\u015fiklerle \u00e7apraz ba\u011flanma reaksiyonuna girebilir ve a\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f bile\u015fikler \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok monomerle a\u015f\u0131lanabilir ve kopolimerize edilebilir; ni\u015fasta ayr\u0131ca hidrolize edilebilir; ayr\u0131ca ni\u015fasta hidroksili, \u00e7e\u015fitli ni\u015fasta t\u00fcrevleri \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\nNi\u015fastan\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya so\u011futuldu\u011funda viskozite de\u011fi\u015fimi, macun viskozitesinin stabilitesi, su tutma, p\u0131ht\u0131la\u015fma ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131kta depolama ve donma ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u0131ras\u0131nda kolloid veya em\u00fclsifikasyonu koruma performans\u0131 dahil.<\/p>\n
\nNi\u015fasta filminin \u00f6zellikleri temel olarak so\u011fuk veya s\u0131cak suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck, higroskopiklik, ge\u00e7irgenlik, plastisite, elastikiyet ve toklu\u011fu i\u00e7erir. Genel olarak, d\u00fcz zincirli ni\u015fasta m\u00fckemmel film olu\u015fturma \u00f6zelli\u011fine ve film mukavemetine sahiptir ve dall\u0131 zincirli ni\u015fasta daha iyi yap\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahiptir.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"