Identification of volatile components and study on glucose transport mechanism of extracts from Burmese gardenia flowers
Plumeria rubra L. var. actifolia Bailey, also known as egg yolk flower, is a member of the bamboo family due to its appearance resembling egg yolk wrapped in egg white. Burmese gardenia is native to South America and is more common in Yunnan. It has the effects of clearing heat and detoxifying, removing dampness, and stopping cough. It can also be used to treat infectious diseases such as hepatitis, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Cycloterpenes and glycosides are the main functional components of Burmese gardenia, which have received widespread attention due to their strong antifungal and anti-tumor activities. Diabetes has become one of the most important chronic non communicable diseases threatening the global human health, and it is prevalent worldwide. According to the latest statistics, the number of diabetes patients in China has reached 113.9 million, which has caused a huge medical and economic burden. The main feature of pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion. Generally, the weakening of insulin signaling pathway is the cause of insulin resistance, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is the main signaling pathway of insulin action. Akt protein is an important target protein downstream of the PI3K signaling pathway. Akt protein is a serine/threonine protein kinase, and various studies have shown that Akt plays an important role in cellular glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. At present, research on Burmese gardenia mainly focuses on the detection of its volatile oil chemical components and pharmacological studies, while there are few reports on the regulatory effects of Burmese gardenia extract on Akt in skeletal muscle cells. Some studies have shown that there are anti diabetes isoprenoids and long-chain δ – lactones in Gardenia jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasminoides jasmino.
This study used Burmese gardenia as the experimental material and prepared a water extract of Burmese gardenia to explore whether it can positively regulate the phosphorylation levels of a key factor such as PI3K, Akt/PKB, and AS160, making it in an active state and thereby enhancing the transfer of GLUT4, in order to achieve the effect of lowering blood sugar. The aim is to provide theoretical basis and explore the comprehensive medicinal value of Burmese gardenia resources in promoting skeletal muscle glucose transport in Yunnan region.

This experiment detected the extract of Burmese gardenia flower by GC-MS, and isolated and identified the main chemical components in the volatile oil of Burmese gardenia flower. 12 main components, including fatty acids, esters, alkanes, terpenes, etc., were detected, among which hexadecanoic acid and myristic acid were found to be more abundant. At present, relevant literature has reported that phenols, terpenes, and alkanes have significant hypoglycemic effects. Burmese gardenia contains these components, which may have a certain effect on lowering blood sugar. Report the research results on the composition and composition of the volatile oil from Burmese gardenia, laying the foundation for its further development and application.
Through experiments, it was found that the selected PE concentration range in the study did not have any toxic effects on the growth and status of C2C12 cells. In the case where the number of cells in each group was basically the same, extreme effects caused by abnormal cell status could be ruled out, and the data obtained had high credibility. Akt plays an important role in glucose transport and metabolic signal transduction in C2C12 cells, and the PI3K/Akt/GlUT4 pathway is recognized as one of the main signaling pathways for insulin mediated glucose uptake in vivo. As a sensor of intracellular energy levels, AMPK is activated through phosphorylation mechanism when intracellular energy levels decrease, promoting the translocation of glucose transporters to the cell membrane and maintaining cellular energy levels by transporting glucose into the cell. ACC is a downstream factor of AMPK. Therefore, we further validated whether key enzymes such as AMPK and ACC related to the glucose transport signaling pathway were also affected by PE, and the results showed that PE treatment had no effect on AMPK and ACC in C2C12 cells.
PE has a positive regulatory effect on Akt in C2C12 cells and is closely related to the regulation of Akt molecules, which is similar to the motor mechanism of the insulin-dependent glucose transport signaling pathway. Therefore, we also explored the synergistic effect of PE and insulin. After experimental verification, the stimulating effect of PE combined with insulin on Akt was stronger than that of PE or insulin alone, showing a good synergistic effect. From the perspective of positively regulating Akt activity in C2C12 cells, it was clarified that PE has a similar or enhanced insulin sensitivity effect to insulin, providing a basic research basis for the application of Burmese gardenia in the field of medicine and health.
At present, research on the chemical composition, efficacy, and processing methods of Burmese gardenia is relatively limited. This study identified and isolated the main components and contents of Burmese gardenia water extract through component analysis, and found that Burmese gardenia extract has a positive regulatory effect on the Akt phosphorylation level of C2C12 cells, clarifying the synergistic effect of Burmese gardenia water extract and insulin. This provides a theoretical basis and new development ideas for the application of Burmese gardenia in medicine and health products.