Rose (Rosarugosa) Rosaceae Rosaceae, also known as rose, wandering flower, assassin, through the heart of the rose. Rosaceae in the three Jie)))) rose, moon and rose, in fact, are rose plants. In Chinese, people are accustomed to the large diameter of the flowers, solitary varieties known as the moon, small clusters of known as rose, can be extracted from the flavor known as rose. But in English they are all called rose.

There are about 30,000 officially registered varieties. Roses open in May every year in their natural environment, while moonflowers can bloom from May until November. Moonflower and rose are not only botanically different, but also differ in their medicinal value, with moonflower’s medicinal effect being much weaker. The roses sold in the flower market are mostly moonflowers.

Common varieties of roses include red roses, yellow roses, purple roses, white roses, black roses, green roses, orange roses and blue roses. Roses are widely planted around the world, but mostly distributed in the northern hemisphere, mainly in Bulgaria, Turkey, Morocco, France, Russia and other countries, of which Bulgaria is the world’s largest producer and exporter of rose oil, with more than 150 varieties of roses, is the world’s largest occupation of rose varieties of countries. The most abundant rose species in the world is Bulgaria, where 70% of the roses used in the manufacture of perfumes and flavors come from.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Roses

Rose is rich in volatile oils, polysaccharides, polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as linoleic acid, alkaloids, vitamins, amino acids, sugar, proteins, dietary fiber and trace elements, which have high medicinal and nutritional value.

Volatile oil
The volatile oil of roses is the essential oil of roses, which is a valuable natural spice, one of the important raw materials for the manufacture of high-level cosmetics, cigarettes and food, and is the crown of the oil of fresh flowers, with the unique fragrance of roses that is elegant, soft, delicate, sweet-smelling as if it were honey, and is full of fragrance, and has the reputation of liquid gold. The composition and content of volatile oils of different varieties and different flowering periods are different.

Its main components are linalool, linalool formate, B-citronellol, citronellol, citronellol formate, citronellol acetate, yakel alcohol, yakel acid formate, yakel alcohol acetate, phenylethyl alcohol, nerolidol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol, trans-B-basalene, pentadecane, 2-tridecadecanone, 1-pentanol, 1-ethanol, 3-ethylene ester, ethyl acetate, ethyl acetic acid-3-vinyl ester, phenylmethanol , eugenol, methyl eugenol and so on. The volatile oil of rose has good effect of regulating qi and relieving pain, activating blood circulation and removing stagnation, and it can also improve microcirculation of peripheral and internal organs.

Polyphenols and Flavonoids
Rose is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. The content of flavonoids is up to 3.3% (dried flowers). The main ones are rutin, quercetin, flavonols, dihydroflavonoids and polyphenols derived from gallic acid.

Flavonoids have significant antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects. Polyphenols are also major antioxidants with SOD-like activity, which can effectively remove free radicals and hyperpigmentation, because the phenolic hydroxyl groups of polyphenols have strong reducing properties. Therefore, rose has the function of beauty. Rose beauty is suitable for all skin, especially sensitive, dry, wrinkles, redness, aging and hardened skin.

Polysaccharide
Rose contains a large amount of polysaccharides, plant polysaccharides have an important role in efficient immunomodulation, can regulate autoimmune disorders, anti-bacterial infections, anti-viral infections, anti-chronic inflammation, anti-infectious ulcers, anti-tumor, anti-radiation, as well as delaying aging and promote healthy longevity of the health care of anti-disease effects. Rose root polysaccharides can enhance the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and IL-2 activity in D-galactose-induced aging model mice, regulate and improve the immune function, and play an anti-aging role.

Linoleic acid
Linoleic acid accounts for the highest proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in rose hips. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, helps to eliminate cholesterol and its products, and can reduce arteriosclerosis.

Vitamin C
Roses have a high content of VC. It has good antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging ability, it can be transformed into monohydroascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid by supplying electrons step by step to achieve the purpose of scavenging free radicals, and it plays a great role in antioxidant effect of rose, especially when VC and polyphenol exist at the same time, it has synergistic antioxidant effect.

Food Value of Rose

Rose contains more than 300 kinds of chemical components, such as aromatic alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, phenols and oils containing flavor, often eat rose products can soften the liver and wake up the stomach, soothe the blood, beauty and skin care, refreshing. Women usually use it to make water to drink, there are many benefits.

Nutrition
Rose is rich in protein, fat, starch, a variety of amino acids and vitamins, but also rich in macronutrients and trace elements and other essential nutrients.
The protein content of rosehips reaches 16.33%, and four kinds of unsaturated acids are detected in rosehips, among which linoleic acid, linolenic acid and oleic acid are essential unsaturated fatty acids, and the sum of the three accounts for 99.75% of the total unsaturated fatty acids. It also contains a variety of essential trace elements, with the highest iron content.

Processed products
At present, the edible rose varieties are Bulgaria, Damascus 1, France Douglas, Shandong Pingyin Rose, Bitter Water Rose and so on. Rose can be made into a variety of refreshments, such as rose sugar, rose cake, rose tea, rose wine, rose sauce, rose cream and so on.

Roses can be eaten directly in some parts of Europe. Roses in the mature fruit, containing a large number of vitamins A, B, C, but also contains more than ten kinds of amino acids, soluble sugar, alkaloids. Among them, vitamin C is the most abundant, up to 2%, its content is more than 700 times that of apple, more than 20 times that of sea buckthorn, more than 8 times higher than that of Chinese kiwifruit, which is called the king of vitamin C. In addition, it contains protein, fat, carbohydrates and other carbohydrates, which can be directly consumed in some regions of Europe. It also contains protein, fat, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, magnesium, etc., of which the protein content is 8.5%, fat 4.7%, soluble sugar 1.2%, carbohydrates 68.0%.

Rosehip pulp, can be made into jam, with a special flavor, the fruit is rich in vitamin C and vitamin P, can prevent acute and chronic infectious diseases, coronary heart disease, liver disease, etc., some countries use the fruit to make concentrated vitamin preparations of raw materials. Rose dregs contain a large amount of crude protein, amino acids, crude fiber, starch, glucose, but also contains a variety of vitamins such as carotene and a variety of macronutrients and trace minerals. After special treatment, it can be added to feedstuffs to increase the yield of meat and eggs.

Food coloring
In recent years, and from the distillation of rose oil after the flower residue in the extraction of rose red pigment, used for food coloring. Rose pigment is an excellent, for food in the natural food coloring, with good thermal stability, salt, sucrose color pigment color has no adverse effects, so it is widely used in the food industry.

When red rose is used as red pigment for acidic food, its color is pleasing to the eye, the taste is delicious, and the nutrients of rose are not destroyed. In addition, the use of rose pomace can produce soy sauce. Currently the market development of rose products are rose drinks, rose vinegar, rose tea, rose sauce, rose wine, rose yogurt, fresh rose ice cream, rose beer, rose health food, rose sugar and rose pastries.

Medicinal Value of Roses

In addition to being ornamental and beautifying, roses also have miraculous therapeutic effects. Such as, dried roses in moderation, or add some tea, drinking water on the chest discomfort, gastric distension, hidden pain and warmth has a good effect; fresh rose flowers pounded juice, stewed rock sugar service, can cure lung disease coughing and vomiting blood; rose, flowers, flowers, angelica each 10g, decoction can be used to cure menstrual disorders or pain. Rose flowers and roots can be used as medicine, with qi, blood, astringent and other effects, the main treatment for menstrual disorders, bruises, liver gas stomach pain, breast swelling and pain. Rose essential oil can activate testosterone.

Rose can improve immunity, regulate hormone levels, promote circulation and metabolism, improve and enhance the function of the urinary system, diuretic, strong kidneys, promote the elimination of toxins, metabolism. In addition, rose can also activate and promote blood circulation, strengthen the elasticity of blood vessel walls, reduce congestion of the heart phenomenon, reduce the incidence of heart disease; improve the function of the spleen, benefit the spleen and the heart.

Rose has a certain antibacterial and antimicrobial function; and can promote intestinal peristalsis, light diarrhea, purify the digestive tract, help toxin detoxification and metabolism, can improve regurgitation, vomiting, and constipation; and can enhance and improve liver function, remove toxins, especially reduce the toxic effects of alcohol on the liver, and improve the over-alcohol caused by hepatic congestion.

Rose can balance and strengthen the function of the gastrointestinal tract, regulate the secretion of digestive juices, promote digestion and absorption; indigestion and gastric acid secretion and other chronic diseases have a certain degree of regulation and improve the role of gastric pain caused by emotional tension, depression, etc. has obvious improvement function. Like all natural products, rose has a complex composition, containing polyphenols, flavonoids and other chemical components, with the elimination of free radicals, antioxidant activity, anti-thrombosis, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory effects, lowering blood lipids and prevention of heart disease and other physiological activities.

Research status and application of rose products

Research on the extraction process and chemical composition of rose oil.
The traditional method of producing rose oil from rose petals is by distillation. There are also solvent extraction, carbon dioxide critical extraction and molecular distillation techniques. The yield of rose oil extracted by solvent extraction is higher than that by distillation; solvent extraction will have the problem of solvent residue. The cost of carbon dioxide critical extraction and molecular distillation techniques is higher than the first two. The current study is mainly focused on the yield and aroma composition of rose essential oil from different varieties, different origins, and different growth and development periods.

Extraction and antioxidant effects of rose bioactive ingredients
We mainly extracted flavonoids, gallic acid, polysaccharides, pigments, proanthocyanidins and other biologically active substances from rose oil products, and studied their scavenging of free radicals, anti-aging effect, antioxidant activity and impact on immune function.

Application of rose in food and daily chemical industry
Rose or rose extracts are mainly used as additives in the production of food and cosmetics. Such as rose dew, rose wine, rose sugar, rose composite health care drinks, soothing rose capsule and so on.

China is a large rose planting country, with abundant rose resources. At present, the production of rose oil and rough processing products are mainly in small batch, single product, not yet formed a scale, and the added value is low. And there are a large number of rose water, rose residue is discarded.

In the future, we should increase the comprehensive development and utilization of rose, make full use of the nutritional properties and medicinal properties of rose, focus on the comprehensive utilization of rose and the level of deep processing, the use of high and new separation technology to extract the rose contains a wealth of functional components beneficial to the human body, such as essential oils, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and other active ingredients, the development of high-value-added medicines, food and cosmetics, will produce good economic and social benefits. The development of high value-added medicines, food and cosmetics will surely produce good economic and social benefits, and drive the rapid and sustainable development of the rose industry.